Biological Control of Rhizoctonia Solani and Sclerotium Rolfsii by Using Local Isolates of Trichoderma Spp PDF |
| Fadel Abed Al-Fattah Abed Al-Aziz Al-Mahareeq |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Dr. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh - د. رضوان بركات |
| Discussion Commity |
| Prof. Dr. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh (SupeDr. Radwan Barakat (Co-supervisorDr. Ayed Ghaleb Ahed Mohammed (External examiner). Dr. Firas Sawalha (Internal examiner)rvisor |
| 124 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The bioagent, Trichoderma species are known antagonists of other fungi, and have been shown to be very potent biocontrol agents of several soil borne plant pathogenic fungi under both greenhouse and field conditions. One hundred sixty nine soil samples from irrigated fields in the West Bank were collected for the recovering of Trichoderma fungal species using Trichoderma selective media (TSM). Forty-seven local Trichoderma isolates were isolated. The antagonistic potential of the local isolates against the phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii was investigated in dual culture and bioassay on bean plants. Application of testing isolates as a conidial suspension (3*106) greatly reduced the disease index of bean plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii in different rates by a percentage of 65% and 67%, respectively. The results revealed that the variation of antagonistic potential between isolates was due to the variation in mycelium-coiling rate, sporulation, fungitoxic metabolites, induced growth response and temperature effect. In dual culture, most effective isolate (Jn14) overgrew the pathogens R. solani and S. rolfsii at 30 and 25 oC respectively. In addition, results showed that Jn14 and T36 were the most effective isolates at 25 °C and inhibited R. solani and S. rolfsii mycelial growth at a percentage of 79% and 94.7% respectively due to fungitoxic metabolites production. Sporulation of the isolates reached a peak at 30 °C and decreased at 35 °C. The maximum absolute spore production were 1.5*109 spore / ml by the isolate Jn14 at 30 °C. The Effect of Trichoderma on bean seedlings growth was obvious; height was nearly doubled (160% - 200%), while fresh and dry weight were increased by 133% - 217% respectively. in plant. Germination of bean seeds treated with Trichoderma isolates occurred about four days earlier than those in untreated soil. |
Wednesday, January 20, 2010
Biological Control of Rhizoctonia Solani and Sclerotium Rolfsii by Using Local Isolates of Trichoderma Spp
The Other in Pre Islamic Poetry
The Other in Pre Islamic Poetry PDF |
| Mayy Odhe Ahmad Yasien |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan Al-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 106 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Talking about “the other” in pre -Islamic era” "Al-jahiil" poet was part of his VIS1Ofl to himself because the” other is exiting in his identity, It forms a subject of temptation for the poet precaution and care from him, through him "the other" we knew how much the Arabs had evaluated “the other” and taken from his culture and civilization. This subject has forced its way in the psychological and social studies but had never been given any care by the ancient literature but they mentioned it through taking about the relationship between the Arab and other nation. This research studies the presence of” the other” in the pre-Islamic "Aljahili" poetry and it also tries to answer questions like, how did the Arab person meet the other?. In the first chapter of the research we answer the pervious question by talking about ways of communication which include political, commercial and religious ways or through ways or missionary missions orjahili singers and musicians. The second chapter discussing the question of how did the poet use “the other” in his poetry, the other was divided into many ethics such as the Persian, the Roman, the Indian, the Napatean and the the other was present in peace and war times through importing weapons eg, the Indians words or through wars e.g -wars between the Arabs and the Persians or the Romans, also in peace times the Habashsi presence through buying and selling slaves forn Habashi land. In the third chapter I discussed the religious side of” the other “through relation with the Jews, Christians and Mjous and their presence in al -jahili poetry, the most striking point was that “the other had no important effect on the Arab from the religious side. we can refer this to the fact that the Jews were c and cruel and the Christians were so peaceful and not crule and these characterstics which the Arab hate, The has no considerable presence in the poetry due to weak effect on the arab person. The fourth chapter discussed the effect of” the other” on the language and music of the poet, we found some expressions that enter the Arabs from the Persian or Roman languages such as names of musical instruments perfumes and flowers, the music effect can be seen in using rhymes and rhythems and meters from quick to slow or "Majzo" or "mashtoor" that gives poetry its glamour and artistic poetry which we notice in their poetry. |
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura PDF |
| Marwan Mohamed Saed Abd-Elrahman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Khaleel Auda - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 237 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This applied study, which consist of three chapters, searches in Alkahf Sura, according to Stylistic Method, which searches into the different aspects of linguistics: critically. This study is distinguished in the sense that it covers the whole Sura. In the first chapter, it explores the phonetic level, and its musical and aesthetical significance .In addition the semantic level and the features of the exact expressions are explored. Then the associative relations among the accurately chosen words including: synonyms, antonyms, and polyesmy are studied. In the 2sd chapter, This significant phenomena of this Sura together with its expressive meanings are investigate. Among these phenomena are: repetition, singular and plural, definite and indefinite, backward and forward, interrogation, and surprise. In the third chapter, I studied the artistic imaging of the Sura،In which imaginary expressions depending on figurative formed together with its artistic images in which we can notice clearly the artistic images in which we can clearly notice the artistic harmony of all these images.
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Amending Condition of Contractual Responsibility in the Egyptian Civil Law
Amending Condition of Contractual Responsibility in the Egyptian Civil Law PDF |
| Ahmed Saleem Fariz Al-Nasrah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Gassan Khaled - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 253 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study examined the amending conditions in the contractual responsibility. In an introductory chapter, several issues related to this study were raised. One was the pillars of contractual and inadequate responsibility. The focus was on the pillar of error. It was explained that personal responsibility of the moneylender (creditor) extends to his responsibility for the errors of his/her followers and the act of doing the thing. A comparison was held between the two responsibilities. The issues of combination and choice between the two responsibilities were presented. It was found that considering the choice between the two responsibilities would lead to the lack of order of the two exempting and mollifying conditions of the impacts of the two responsibilities. A definition of these two conditions was presented and so was their scope. It was found that the idea of amendment in the responsibility is blemished with ambiguity by same law expounders. The researcher distinguished it from compensation agreement system and responsibility insurance. Then the researcher presented the effects of conditions on the persons. He explained what could be considered an exception in these effects and showed the partial and total impact of the invalidity of these conditions on the contract, thus rendering the application of the general rule in the lessening of contracts. Chapter one was devoted to the exempting condition from responsibility. In this context, the researcher presented the fiqh (Islamic Law) position towards this condition. He also presented the position of the Egyptian law and court of justice. It was found that the Egyptian civil law has allowed explicitly this condition but introduced two exceptions to it. One exception is serious error; the other is the error of the other. The researcher criticized this position because the creditor’s responsibility in this case is a personal responsibility. Further, the Egyptian civil law has failed to put rules or sufficient restrictions on this condition. The researcher suggested taking a number of these rules, derived from fiqh and court of justice and others derived from some special applications These restrictions don’t allow this condition if it poses danger to man’s safety. They also don’t allow this condition if it has to do with a key commitment in the contract. In addition, it was necessary for the condition to be written; otherwise, it would be related to the relationship between the consumer and the merchant. It shouldn’t be stated in the submissive contract. The researcher found that despite allowing this condition as a general rule, several applications were cited and considered this condition devoid. The researcher concluded that this condition would lead to the lack of responsibility of the creditor although he would be originally responsible pursuant to the general rules. He has to transfer the burden of evidence, in the case of cheating and serious error. Chapter two was devoted to the mollifying condition. The researcher noticed that this condition had several versions. He, however, limited them to the two general versions. One is the mollifying cases of commitment. Added to them was a special version pertinent to the condition which dictates that the period of course of the time be shortened. The researcher, in this context, found that the first and second versions would be allowed. The third version, however, would not be allowed except in narrow situations. Of the mollifying condition versions, the version that would refer to the sum of compensation was ruled out. It was not considered a mollifying condition of responsibility. Rather it was a compensation: either agreement or legal. Concerning the partial exemption from obligation or commitment, it was attached to the provision of exempting condition because there was no difference between them. What applies to most of the mollifying condition provisions apply also to the exempting condition given the same cause most of the time. In chapter three, the researcher dealt with the stiff condition in responsibility. He presented the condition which holds the moneylender the foreign cause. He explained its notion, what it includes and showed that it has had two faces. The first is included in the concept of guarantees. It is considered a commitment in its accurate meaning. The second remains within the framework of responsibility. Every adaptation necessitates different effects. They were all explained in the context of the research. The researcher presented the effects of this condition on the burden of evidence and money lender’s responsibility. He also explained the exceptions to it. He also dealt with the condition of toughening the evaluation of the moneylender’s conduct and explained its versions and its impact of evidence and moneylender’s responsibility. He also presented several applications for the stiff condition in responsibility in several contracts. In addition, he presented the restrictions stated in the stiff condition in responsibility: writing, clarity, physical safety of men, non-violation of general order, and good intention and non-violation of the condition of justice. In the conclusion, the researcher presented general conclusions. Details pertinent to applications of conditions, however, were not all presented. The suggestions were also restricted to the wording of a general text which has to be included in the civil law in addition to another text pertinent to the permission of choice between the two responsibilities. |
Value Added Tax and it`s Relatoinship
Value Added Tax and it`s Relatoinship PDF |
| Amer Abdul Aziz Mahmood Musa |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Hasan F. Haj Musa - د. غسان خالد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 216 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract There are authors who consider tax to comprise all ideological, economic and technical elements, that interact with one another to construct a certain tax entity, which works for financing public expenses programs of the state, in addition to raising the level of economic resources and directing them towards the best utilization and accelerating growth rates to alleviate or eliminate problems of instability and realize social justice in national income distribution among individuals of the society, and also imposing national security for all. On the basis of a deep and realistic study of the needs of any society, that society may consider having any sort of taxes and build its taxing system in accordance with that adopted sort. takes differ in kind according to source being direct, indirect, imposed on money, on persons, income, capital, or expenses. Taxes may be imposed on one source or be multisided, or they may not be given with tax designation. Serving citizens and considering their interests needs enough financing ; in fact, it is the autonomous and abundant source in which, foreigners don’t help the government and which enables the government, in case it is well utilized, not to concede any part of its sovereignty. After considering taxes as comprising social solidarity, when distribution of taxes is fair, it becomes necessary to study taxes and their results in producing direct or indirect utility to the society and individuals. Tax laws are diverse and interusined such that the individual citizen (the non-specialist) becomes unable to differentiate easily between one tax and another, hence I preferred to write on this subject trying to discover points of compatibility and incompatibility between value added tax and income tax which are valid in Palestine, especially in the administration and legislative stages including definition and collecting. Hence, the study matter will be identifying the degree of compatibility between the valid tax laws and their correlaon and also investigating the feasibility of existence of various tax departments in light of the correlation between the various taxes, and knowing if one tax department can do all tasks of the departments, particularly in case of amending some tax laws. The research also adopted the attempt of providing the reader with a complete idea on the application of vat in Palestine regarding the beginning of its collecting, the law according to which it is collected, and the exactly of possibility of developments of there laws to be more sensitive to tax fairness requirements, the principles upon which these laws were founded and applied, and also the determinates of this tax as implied by the economic agreement between the national Palestinian authority and the Hebrew state. The importance of this study is related to discovering to the relationship between vat and income tax, especially the legislative relationship and determining the possibility of depending on decrees or decisions in imposing vat or the necessity of issuing explicit law imposing vat in commodities and services and also studying the extent of compatibility between vat and income tax and also investigating the method of determining the due income tax on establishments and companies, i.e. in legal personalities regarding their payment of vat without rereading of the tax file annually, particularly if the file was examined on a monthly basic in the vat departments. Literature on vat in particular and income tax in general was reviewed, including books on public finance, journals, papers and internet sites. also a field study questionnaire was used for deducing the opinion of tax payers and their understanding of the various kinds of taxes and enquiry about their performance of any imposed tax, and ease of dealing with tax departments in addition to other enquiries concentrating on vat, customs, and excise taxes, and determining if there is a need of imposing vat on commodities and service as is the case with the taxes of customs, excise, taxes and the law of income taxes. The research confirmed the necessity of unifying the departments of vat and the income tax in one department, activating the role of the tax department to become the fundamental and first reference of revenues of the Palestinian national authority, and also the necessity of availability of independent legislative laws of the PNA i.e. accelerating issuance of a vat law, because the available texts regarding the vat systems, currently, are not available to all taxable persons, in addition to being ambiguous and difficult to understand set during the day of direct occupation. This can take place through a modern tax laws that responds to the particularity of tax payers and the challenges of the Palestinian reality, current in Palestine, and reducing income tax, and increasing dependence on expenditure taxes including vat. |
Regulation of Options in Money Markets from the Legal, Artistic, Taxable and Religious Sides
Regulation of Options in Money Markets from the Legal, Artistic, Taxable and Religious Sides. PDF |
| Zahira Yunes Muhammad Suwadi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ghassan Sharif Khalid - د. حسن فـلاح حسن |
| Discussion Commity |
| 277 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The subject of this research is the regulation of options in money markets from the legal, artistic, taxable and religious sides. The content of the thesis began with a general introduction as a preliminary to the subject matter of the research work; where I tackled the importance of the treatise as well as the aim from it. The researcher dealt with the approach of survey in the study, besides to the abstract of it in Arabic & English. Then, she discussed a few studies related to the issue of the paper. The research includes six sections, where each of them contains two topics. In the first of them, I treated the money markets according to their importance and tasks; in addition to the security bonds manipulated inside them. The second topic in the first section has concentrated, in detail, on the evaluation for them. The researcher concluded from it that there was a framework planning dividing the money markets for the majority of their patterns upon our own proposal already included at the end of chapter one. In the second chapter, I tackled the issue of emergence and arrangement for future contracts and their markets; where the first survey in this section has commenced with subjects related to future contracts in general; as well as their kinds that include options and exchanges, besides to a comparison between these contracts and those of options; whereas, in the second chapter, we tried, in the second research, to deal with the arrangement of future contract markets pertaining to the importance of them; the number of their members, the procedures of interaction with them and the kinds of orders used in them due the fact that the markets of option are a part from the future markets. The third section contained the subject of legal & administrative regulation for options in the markets of option; yet, the discourse in the first research of this section deals with the definition of options; their importance; their pitfalls; and the legal sides of the contract; such as, its bases; its peripheries; its divisions; besides to the kinds of options and their merits. The second research discussed the legal & administrative regulation for arranged options talking about the legal regulation for options and limitation of their acts and the accountability of contracting with them; besides, to the administrative regulation in these markets; such as, the registration in the market, the members in arranged options & the interactions of compromise in them. The first search in the fourth section has surveyed the economical evaluation for options throughout the factors affecting the quotation of options rights as well as the methods of determining their value; the statistical styles of measuring the sensitivity of options far from the risks that the operators with them might be exposed to. Yet, in the second research of the same section, we studied the accountable special issues in options as determiners for option; as well a margin of insuring the option and the ways of calculating it; and the impact of option on the current market. The fifth section talked about the artistic sides for options; such as, the strategies of options as the first research of it dealt with a group of strategies that stand on one option. Yet, in the second survey of the fourth section, we studied a group of strategies that includes a variety of options; together with mentioning the aims of each strategy and giving examples on them in both surveys. At last, in the six sections, I tackled the taxable treatment for options in the first part of it; where I have talked about the cost of interactions in these contracts; the manner of calculating commission on them; and the taxable treatment for the profits. In the second part of this section, I wrote about the juristic adaptation for options starting with the doctrinal adaptation for money markets in general & the contracts of option; besides to the religious viewpoint towards these interactions; the legality & illegality of them; and lastly, the researcher’s opinion in this domain. In the end, there were conclusions & recommendations reached to from this treatise. The most important of which were: the whole options, with all their types, are one of the wide spread financial derivatives aiming at realizing returns within a level of risks expected more effectively. There is an important recommendation concerning the money markets despite their large, important role in the economy of the state; yet, there are a few warnings against the erroneous usage. |
Current Situation and Strategies for the Development of Local Administration in the Palestinian Territories
Current Situation and Strategies for the Development of Local Administration in the Palestinian Territories PDF | |
| Sana' Qasem Mohammad Haseeba | |
| Supervisor(s) | |
| Dr. Ali Abdel Hamid - | |
| Discussion Commity | |
| 154 صفحة | |
| Abstract : | |
Abstract This thesis have attempted to examine the Palestinian local administration through reviewing its stages of development, analyzing and evaluating the current situation following the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority The major aim of the study is to evaluate the current situation of the Palestinian local administration under the present circumstances; and to determine the obstacles and difficulties facing it in order to put programs and proposals for a future strategy, which will improve the performance of the local authorities and enhance their role and contributions in the process of development and the establishment of the future Palestinian State. To achieve this aim, the concepts and models related to management systems and local administration was studied. Also, the performance of previous local administration in Palestine was reviewed. The study has adopted a historical descriptive approach in addition to applying the analytical approach to analyze and evaluate the existing situation in Palestine depending upon information and data available through various resources, in addition to the results of the questionnaire distributed to a number of local authorities and related persons in north West Bank. The study's results have pointed out the existence of centralization within the local Palestinian administration system as well as availability of the multi-administrative levels, in addition to the large number of local authorities (particularly newly established municipalities). Also, it revealed the disability of those authorities to perform tasks and duties and meet the needs of citizens. In addition, the study has shown the irrelevance of the local authorities' law to the current situation, and the absence of the vital flexibility to confront challenges and accommodate developments. The study has concluded by pointing out a number of recommendations. The most important recommendation is to reconsider the role and performance of the Ministry of Local Government; so that it becomes only supervising and monitoring role. Also, it recommended the attempt to improve the administrative role of local authorities, and to reduce the administrative hierarchy. Moreover, the study emphasized the enhancement of the governor's role; and the merging (either wholly or partially) of municipalities. In addition, it recommended offering local authorities financial independence; developing the taxation and accountability systems, as well as reinforcing the decentralized administration policy in their relation with the Ministry of Local Government. Finally, the study has recommended the importance of revising a new law for the local authorities containing appropriate legal and legislative texts taking into consideration the participation of all related parties in laying out the proposed strategies, and considering the psychological, behavioral and environmental factors related to the Palestinian people. | |